The virtue, humanity, is a set of strengths focused on “tending and befriending others.”[1] The three strengths associated with humanity are love, kindness, and social intelligence. Humanity differs from justice in that there is a level of altruism towards individuals included in humanity more so than the fairness found in justice.[2] That is, humanity, and the acts of love, altruism, and social intelligence are typically person to person strengths while fairness is generally expanded to all. Humanity is one of six virtues, as defined by the Character Strengths and Virtues Handbook, that are consistent across all cultures.[3] The CSV’s purpose is to provide consistent and scientific classification of strengths and virtues to aid in studying positive strengths and traits in human behavior.[4] It is one of the foundations for the study of positive psychology, which seeks to focus on strengths and other positive attributes people possess that lead to living a good life, instead of pathologizing them.
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Confucius defined humanity, or jen, as a “love of people” stating “if you want to make a stand, help others make a stand.”[5] That is, the Confucian theory of humanity exemplifies the golden rule. It is so central to Confucian thought that it appears 58 times in the Analects.[6] Similar to the Christian process of seeking God, Confucius teaches seeking jen to a point of seemingly divine mastery until you are equal to, or better than, your teacher.[7] The Confucian concept of jen encompases both love and altruism.[8]
Plato and Aristotle both wrote extensively on the subject of virtues, though neither ever wrote on humanity as a virtue, despite highly valuing love and kindness, two of the strengths of humanity. Plato and Aristotle considered "courage, justice, temperance" and "generosity, wit, friendliness, truthfulness, magnificence, and greatness of soul" to be the sole virtues, respectively.[9]
Humanity is one of Thomas Aquinas' "Seven Heavenly Virtues."[10] Beyond that, humanity was so important in some positivist Christian cultures that it was to be capitalized like God.[11] Kindness, altruism and love are all mentioned in the bible. Proverbs 19:22 "states the desire of a man is his kindness." On the topic of altruism, emphasis is placed on helping strangers (Hebrews 13:1) and the biblical adage "it is better to give than to receive" (Acts 20:35).
Love has many different definitions ranging from a set of purely biological and chemical processes to a religious concept. As a character strength, love is a mutual feeling between two people characterized by attachment, comfort, and generally positive feelings. It can be brown down into 3 categories: parent-to-parent, child-to-parent, and romantic love.[12] Having love as a strength is not about the capacity to love, as such, it is about being involved in a loving relationship.
Love, in the psychological sense, is most often studied in terms of attachment to others. A degree of controversy surrounds defining and researching love in this way, as it takes away the “mystery of love.”[13] Because love is mysterious, to an extent, it is most often studied in terms of attachment theory, because it can be studied in the way across ages. In infants, attachment is studied through the Strange Situation Test. Attachment to an individual, usually the mother, is determined by how distressed the infant becomes when the mother is taken out of the experimental setting.[14] There are several models of adult attachment including the Adult Attachment Interviews (Kaplan & Main), Adult Attachment Prototypes (Hazan & Shaver) and more. Generally adult attachment models focus on the mental representation of the visible signs of attachment seen in infants.[15]
Evidence in support of the benefits of love are seen in the negative affect states that result from lacking love. Orphaned children have been targeted in studies about negative attributes resulting from lack of attachment. Smyke et al. found that children raised in an environment that didn’t allow children to become attached to their preferred caregivers experienced attachment disorders.[16] Additionally, individuals who develop securely attached have a lower likelihood of depression, high-self esteem, and less likelihood of divorce.[17]
The strength kindness encompasses most related terms that evoke feelings of altruism, generosity, helpfulness and a general desire to help people.. That is, a disposition for helping humanity. The following statements are from the VIA aimed at determining people's strengths in kindness: others are just as important to me, giving is more important than receiving, I care for the ungrateful as well as the grateful.[18] Kindness, as a part of humanity, is deeply rooted in philosophical and religious traditions, each having words for the altruistic love aspect of kindness like agape in Greek, chesed in Hebrew, and the Latin word philantropia, the root of the word philanthropy.[19] Kindness is so valued as a strength beyond religious and theoretical concepts that it is advocated through school community service programs and national programs like AmeriCorps. Additionally, while gender differences in kindness are statistically significant, they are very minimal, and the methods of testing used may not always have construct validity.[20]
Kindness is most often measured on a case by case measure and not usually as a trait. The Self-Report Altriusm Scale and the Altruism Facet Scale for Agreeableness Measure of the NEO-PI-R are often used to ask people how often they engage in altruistic behaviors and gauge their concern for others.[21] The former, however, only asks about 20 specific altruistic acts, leaving out a wide range of altruistic behaviors.
There are numerous benefits from kindness and altruism on both sides of the action. For some, the motivation to be kind comes from a place of egoistic motivation, and thus the benefit to them is the positive affect state they receive from the action.[22] Another study found that the process of being kind develops pro-social skills in children, which positively effects their attachments and relationships.[23] Additionally, volunteerism in the elderly has shown to lead to decreased risk of early death, and mental health benefits.[24] One thing to note is the difference between altruism as a trait and as an act.[25]
Social intelligence is the most modern of the three strengths associated with humanity. The CSV defines social intelligence as the ability to understand “relationships with other people, including the social relationships involved in intimacy and trust, persuasion, group membership, and political power.”[26]
Intelligence has many psychological definitions from Weschler’s intelligence to the various theories of multiple intelligence. The CSV divides intelligence into hot and cold, hot intelligence being those intelligences related to active emotional processes. (338) Individuals with high social intelligence are very self-aware, and effective organizers and leaders.[27] Additionally, it combines elements of the other two hot intelligences, personal and emotional intelligence. Personal intelligence being the internal counterpart to social intelligence and emotional intelligence being the capacity to understand emotions. The CSV highlights three social intelligence measurement scales: Factor Based Social Intelligence Tasks, Psychological Mindedness Assessment Procedure, and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional intelligence Test.[28]
Social Intelligence research is limited, however, there is much literature on the characteristics associated with social intelligence. Zaccaro et al. found social intelligence and perceptiveness to be integral to effective leadership; that is, leaders are “social experts.”[29] emotional intelligence, too, plays a role in leadership. Another study found that emotional intelligence enables leaders to better understand their followers, thereby enhancing their ability to influence them.[30]